SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences, Volume 61, Issue 8: 082303(2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-017-9257-1

## A unified approach of energy and data cooperation in energy harvesting WSNs

• AcceptedAug 31, 2017
• PublishedMay 18, 2018
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### Abstract

Energy harvesting (EH) provisioned wireless sensor nodes are key enablers to increase network life time in modern wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, the intermittent nature of the EH process necessitates management of nodes' limited data and energy buffer capacity. In this paper, a unified mathematical model for a cooperative EHWSN with an opportunistic relay is presented. The energy and data causality constraints are expressed in terms of throughput, available energy, delay and transmission time. Considering finite energy buffers, data buffers and discrete transmission rates (as defined in the standard IEEE 802.15.4) at the nodes, different intuitive online power allocation policies at the relay are studied. The results show that a policy achieving high throughput is less fair and vice versa. Therefore, a joint rate and power allocation policy (JRPAP) is proposed in this study which provides a better trade off between fairness, throughput and energy over intuitive policies. Based on the JRPAP results, we propose to use data aggregation (DA) to achieve throughput gain at lower buffer sizes. In addition, the notion of energy aggregation (EA) is introduced to achieve throughput gain at higher buffer sizes. Combining both EA and DA further improves the overall throughput at all buffer sizes.

### References

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• Figure 1

(Color online) (a) System model of an EHWSN; (b) time slot diagram of EHWSN.

• Figure 2

(Color online) Energy arrival and data transmission at (a) source, (b) relay.

• Table 1   Simulation parameters
 Name and variable Value Length of EH interval $l$ $12.5$ ms Energy transfer efficiency $\alpha$ $0.2$ Data rates $\rho$[22] $250$ kbps and $1$ Mbps Max buffer capacity ${\rm~BC}_{r,{\rm~max}}$ 500–1100 bits Data length $D_s$ $20000$ bits Bandwidth $W$ $1$ MHz Noise spectral density $N_0$ $10^{-19}$ W/Hz $h_{r,s}$, $h_{r,{d_1}}$ & $h_{r,{d_2}}$ $-110$ dB $E_{r,{\rm~max}}$ and $E_{s,{\rm~max}}$ 15 $\mu$J
•

Algorithm 1 Joint rate and power allocation policy

ELSIF $P_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})~\ge~P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x1}(i_j,r))$ $~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i&apos;_{j,r})=~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})-P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x1}(i_j,r))$;

Require:$x_1$=250 kbps, $x_2$=1 Mbps, $E_{{\rm~ava},r}({i_{j,r}})$, $P_{\rm~req}(\tau_x(i_{j,r}))={P_{{\rm~tx}}(\tau_x(i_{j}))}$, $~\tau_{x}(i_{j,r})$, $P_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})=~\frac{E_{{\rm~ava},r}({i_{j,r}})}{\tau_x(i_{j,r})}$, $~E_{r,{\rm~max}}$, $L$.

for $j=1$ to $L$

${E_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})=E_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})+E_{h,r}(i_{j,r})}$;

$E_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})={\rm~min}(E_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r}),E_{r,{\rm~max}})$;

if $P_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})~\ge~P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x2}(i_j,r))$ then

if $P_{{\rm~ava},r}(i_{j,r})~\ge~2P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x2}(i_j,r))$ then

$P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i&apos;_{j,r})=~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})-P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x2}(i_{j,r}))$;

else

$~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})~=P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i&apos;_{j,r})=~\frac{~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})}{2}~$;

if $~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})~\le~P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x2}(i_j,r))$ then

if $~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})~\ge~P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x1}(i_j,r))$ then

$P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i&apos;_{j,r})=~P_{{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})-P_{{\rm~req}}(\tau_{x1}(i_{j,r}))$;

else

Wait for next energy harvesting interval;

Goto ${E_{{\rm~ava},r}}(i_{j,r})$;

end if

end if

end if

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