A facile template free synthesis of porous carbon nanospheres with high capacitive performance

Junyu Piao; Deshan Bin; Shuyi Duan; Xijie Lin; Dong Zhang; Anmin Cao

doi:10.1007/s11426-017-9181-9

SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry

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SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry, Volume 61 , Issue 5 : 538-544(2018) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-017-9181-9

A facile template free synthesis of porous carbon nanospheres with high capacitive performance

Junyu Piao ^1,2, Deshan Bin ^1,2, Shuyi Duan ^1,2, Xijie Lin ^1,2, Dong Zhang ^1,2, Anmin Cao ^1,2,*

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ReceivedOct 10, 2017
AcceptedNov 16, 2017
PublishedJan 24, 2018

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Abstract

Funded by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672282,21373238)

the major State Basic Research Program of China(2013CB934000)

and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA09010101)

alcohol

super capacitors

porous carbon nanospheres

template-free

mixed solvent

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51672282, 21373238), the Major State Basic Research Program of China (2013CB934000), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA09010101).

Interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

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Figure 1
TEM images of the 3-AF resin spheres synthesized in ethanol/water solvent (v/v, 10 mL/20 mL) at room temperature. (a) 3-AF resin spheres without acetone treatment; (b) 3-AF resin spheres treated with 5 mL acetone; (c) 3-AF resin spheres treated with 20 mL acetone; (d) 3-AF resin spheres treated with 45 mL acetone.
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Figure 2
TEM images of the 3-AF resin spheres synthesized in ethanol/water solvent with different quotient of ethanol at room temperature.(a) Ethanol/water (v/v, 0 mL/30 mL); (b) ethanol/water (v/v, 4 mL/26 mL); (c) ethanol/water (v/v, 6 mL/24 mL); (d) ethanol/water (v/v, 12 mL/18 mL).
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Figure 3
TEM images of the 3-AF resin spheres synthesized in n-butanol/water mixture with different quotient of n-butanol at room temperature. (a) n-butanol/water (v/v, 2 mL/28 mL); (b) n-butanol/water (v/v, 3 mL/27 mL); (c) n-butanol/water (v/v, 4 mL/26 mL), (BPR spheres); (d) n-butanol/water (v/v, 10 mL/20 mL).
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Figure 4
TEM images of 3-AF resin spheres prepared in the n-butanol/water (v/v, 4 mL/26 mL) emulsion at room temperature and etched for the same time. (a) TEM image of the 3-AF resin spheres when the polymerization time was shortened into 10 min; (b) TEM image of the 3-AF resin spheres when the polymerization time was extended into 2 h.
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Figure 5
TEM images of 3-AF resin spheres prepared in the n-butanol/water (v/v, 4 mL/26 mL) emulsion at different temperatures. (a) TEM image of 3-AF resin spheres prepared at 10 °C; (b) TEM image of 3-AF resin spheres prepared at 35 °C.
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Figure 6
Information of the BPC spheres. (a) TEM image of the BPC spheres; (b) XRD patterns of the BPC spheres, labelled with the (002) peak and (100) peak of graphite; (c) Raman spectrum of the BPC spheres; (d) nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms (inset: size distribution curves) of the BPC spheres; (e) STEM image of the BPC spheres; (f, g) elemental mapping of the BPC spheres (color online).
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Figure 7
Electrochemical performance of the BPC based super capacitors. (a) Cyclic voltammetry curves tested at different scan rates; (b) charge/discharge curves obtained in galvanostatic tests at different current densities; (c) cycling performance tested at 1 A/g; (d) Nyquist plots of the BPC based super capacitor (color online).
Table 1 Precipitation time of 3-AF resin in the butanol/water mixture

n-butanol/water (v/v)
Precipitation time (min)
0 mL/30 mL
0.5
2 mL/28 mL
0.75
3 mL/27 mL
1.2
4 mL/26 mL
1.5
10 mL/20 mL
5
Table 2 Precipitation time of 3-AF resin in the ethanol/water mixture

Ethanol/water (v/v)
Precipitation time (min)
0 mL/30 mL
0.5
4 mL/26 mL
1
6 mL/24 mL
1.3
10 mL/20 mL
4
12 mL/18 mL
7.5
Table 3 Specific capacity of the BPC spheres tested with cyclic voltammetry method

Scan rate (mV/s)
Specific capacity (F/g)
1
145.1
2
137.2
5
128.5
10
121.6
20
113.4
50
99.8
100
85.4
Table 4 Specific Capacity of the BPC spheres tested with galvanostatic method

Current density (A/g)
Specific capacity (F/g)
0.1
162.7
0.2
128.9
0.5
105.8
1
101.5
2
97.2
5
90.7

Table 5 Summary of some of the various classes of carbon based materials investigated

Material	Workingvoltage (V)	Specific capacitance (mA h/g)
Our work	1.0	162.7
Activated carbon (AC) [25]	3.5	40
Carbon aerogels [26]	3.0	160
Mesoporous carbon [27]	0.9	180
AC fiber cloth [28]	1.0	208
Carbon nanotubes [29]	2.3	50
Graphene [30]	1.0	205
PANI fibers [31]	0.45	216
Graphene coated PANIfibers [31]	0.45	531

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A facile template free synthesis of porous carbon nanospheres with high capacitive performance

Abstract

Funded by

Acknowledgment

Interest statement

References

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n-butanol/water (v/v)	Precipitation time (min)
0 mL/30 mL	0.5
2 mL/28 mL	0.75
3 mL/27 mL	1.2
4 mL/26 mL	1.5
10 mL/20 mL	5

Ethanol/water (v/v)	Precipitation time (min)
0 mL/30 mL	0.5
4 mL/26 mL	1
6 mL/24 mL	1.3
10 mL/20 mL	4
12 mL/18 mL	7.5

Scan rate (mV/s)	Specific capacity (F/g)
1	145.1
2	137.2
5	128.5
10	121.6
20	113.4
50	99.8
100	85.4

Current density (A/g)	Specific capacity (F/g)
0.1	162.7
0.2	128.9
0.5	105.8
1	101.5
2	97.2
5	90.7