A highly efficient cathode catalyst γ-MnO<sub>2</sub>@CNT composite for sodium-air batteries

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program (2016YFB0901502, 2016YFB0101201), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (51771094), Ministry of Education (B12015), and Tianjin High-Tech (18JCZDJC31500).

Interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Contributions statement

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Supplement

Supporting information

The supporting information is available online at http://chem.scichina.com and http://link.springer.com/journal/11426. The supporting materials are published as submitted, without typesetting or editing. The responsibility for scientific accuracy and content remains entirely with the authors.

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Figure 1
(a) Schematic illustration for synthesis of the γ-MnO₂@CNT composite. (b) SEM images of γ-MnO₂@CNT composite (1:1). (c) HR-TEM image and corresponding SAED pattern of the composite. (d) C 1s and (e) Mn 2p XPS spectra of the composite (color online).
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Figure 2
(a) X-ray diffraction patterns of pure γ-MnO₂ and γ-MnO₂@CNT composite with three different mass ratios. (b) Thermogravimetric analysis of γ-MnO₂@CNT composite. (c) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of SABs with different cathodes and corresponding equivalent electric circuit. (d) Cyclic voltammograms at a constant scan rate of 1 mV s⁻¹. (e) Discharge-charge curves of batteries with different types catalysts. (f) Discharge-charge curves of batteries with different mass ratios of γ-MnO₂@CNT (color online).
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Figure 3
Electrochemical performances of the SABs with γ-MnO₂@CNT (1:1) cathode. (a) Discharge-charge curves at different current density with a voltage window from 1.8 to 3.0 V. Cycle performance at (b) 500 mA g^–1 and (c) 1000 mA g^–1. (d) Comparison of cycling performance of CNT, α-MnO₂@CNT and γ-MnO₂@CNT cathodes (color online).
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Figure 4
Product reversibility. XRD patterns of (a) the γ-MnO₂@CNT cathode after discharge and charge. SEM images of (b, c) discharged and (d, e) charged cathodes (color online).