Designing solid-state interfaces on lithium-metal anodes: a review

Chen-Zi Zhao; Hui Duan; Jia-Qi Huang; Juan Zhang; Qiang Zhang; Yu-Guo Guo; Li-Jun Wan

doi:10.1007/s11426-019-9519-9

SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry

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SCIENCE CHINA Chemistry, Volume 62 , Issue 10 : 1286-1299(2019) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-019-9519-9

Designing solid-state interfaces on lithium-metal anodes: a review

Chen-Zi Zhao ¹, Hui Duan ^2,4, Jia-Qi Huang ³, Juan Zhang ², Qiang Zhang ^1,*, Yu-Guo Guo ^2,4,*, Li-Jun Wan ^2,4

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Affiliations：

1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

2. CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

3. Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

* Corresponding authors (email: zhang-qiang@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn; ygguo@iccas.ac.cn)

ReceivedApr 14, 2019
AcceptedJun 19, 2019
PublishedSep 9, 2019

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Abstract

Funded by

the National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFA0202500,2016YFA0200102)

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676160,21825501,21773264,21805062,U1801257)

Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L172023)

and Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program.

solid-state electrolyte

energy chemistry

solid electrolyte/electrode interface

rechargeable lithium-metal batteries

lithium-metal anode

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFA0202500, 2016YFA0200102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21676160, 21825501, 21773264, 21805062, U1801257), Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L172023), and Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program.

Interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

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Figure 1
MCI in the interfacial film of a Li-metal and electrolyte. (a) MCI between the Li metal and SSE (left) and MCI as an inner layer between the SEI and Li metal (right) [26]. (b) Schematic diagram of an armored MCI and its functions on Li plating. Left: The introduction of Cu atoms improves the ionic conductivity of the LiF/Cu-based MCI film by providing more diffusion domains and the Li storage at the grain boundary regions of LiF/Cu compared to the poor ionic conductivity of the LiF-rich SEI film; right: Armored MCI possesses a high surface energy to achieve a uniform Li-ion distribution, high ionic conductivity to render rapid Li-ion diffusion, and high Young’s modulus to suppress the growth of Li dendrites [31] (color online).
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Figure 2
Analysis of ion-solvent complexes. (a) Frontier molecular orbital theory analysis. Frontier molecular orbital levels of PC (single PC molecule), PC+Sol (PC molecule with solvent effects considered), [NaPC] (Na-atom-PC complex) and [NaPC]⁺ (Na⁺-ion-PC complex). The red and green regions represent the positive and negative parts of the LUMO and HOMO wave functions, respectively (isovalue: 0.02). The hydrogen, lithium, carbon, and oxygen atoms are marked with white, purple, gray, and red, respectively [34]. (b) The visual LUMOs and corresponding optimized geometrical structures of ion-solvent complexes. (i) Li⁺-DOL; (ii) Na⁺-1,3-dioxolane (DOL); (iii) K⁺-DOL; (iv) Mg²⁺-DOL; (v) Ca²⁺-DOL; (vi) Li⁺-1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME); (vii) Na⁺-DME; (viii) K⁺-DME; (ix) Mg²⁺- DME; (x) Ca²⁺-DME. H white, Li purple, C gray, O red, Na green, Mg blue, K yellow, Ca orange. The red and green regions of LUMOs represent the positive and negative parts of orbitals, respectively [36] (color online).
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Figure 3
Ex situ formed interfacial layers. (a) Schematic illustrations of Li deposition without protection, lithium metal dendrites and dead Li forms after cycling; with a pure PVDF-HFP layer that is of poor mechanical modulus, interfacial fluctuation with dendrites piercing the PVDF-HFP layer occur after cycling; and with composite layer composed of organic PVDF-HFP and inorganic LiF that is conformal and mechanically strong to suppress Li dendrites penetration and stabilize Li metal surface [44]. (b) Schematic diagram of the dual-layered film formed on the Li-metal anode via FEC treatments. The organic and inorganic layers are achieved on the Li surface by spontaneous reactions between the Li-metal and FEC. The dual-layered film can regulate the uniform deposition of Li-ions during repeated charge/discharge cycles and protect the Li-metal anode without dendrite formation [46]. (c) Schematic of the ex situ SEI construction and morphology of the induced Li plate. Ex situ SEI construction on the Li plate by electrochemical methods in the 1.0 M LiTFSI-DOL/DME electrolyte with 0.020 M Li₂S₅-5.0 wt% LiNO₃ hybrid additives and its applications in Li-S and Li-NCM batteries [49] (color online).
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Figure 4
In situ-formed interfacial layers induced by ion-solvent complexes. (a) Natural abundance ¹⁷O NMR spectra of LiFSI/LiNO₃ and related electrolytes measured at 50 °C. (b) Top panel: snapshots of the MD simulation boxes for the LiFSI/LiNO₃ and LiFSI electrolyte. Colors for different atoms: H-white, Li-purple, C-gray, O-red, N-blue, F-green, and S-yellow. The unsolvated solvents are in light gray. Bottom panel: schematics of the solvation structure of Li-ions in the corresponding electrolyte [52]. (c) XPS spectra of the SEI layer in 5% FEC electrolytes. F 1s spectra of the SEI layer induced by 0% and 5% FEC after Li stripping on a Cu substrate after ten cycles [59]. (d, e) The schematics of the solvation sheath of Li-ions and the SEI formed in FEC/LiNO₃ electrolytes in which PF₆⁻ is not shown for clear comparison. The cycling performance of Li|LiFePO₄ pouch cells with a theoretical capacity of 0.25 A h at 0.2 C after one cycle at 0.05 C. Here 50-mm-thick Li foils were used as the anodes [51] (color online).
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Figure 5
In situ-formed interfacial layers induced by electrolyte additives. (a) Schematics of the different Li anode structures. General Li-metal and Li₃PO₄-modified Li-metal anodes during SEI formation and cycling [65]. (b) The flexible PAA layer that decreases the Li dendrite growth by self-adapting interface regulation [66]. (c) Schematic diagrams showing the Li plating process in the electrolyte with the AlCl₃ additive [67] (color online).
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Figure 6
Interpenetrating network and double network structure. (a) Schematic diagram and (b) Young’s modulus mapping of an ipn-PEA electrolyte [78]. (c) Schematic diagram, (d) DSC, and (e) ionic conductivity of DN-SPE [79] (color online).
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Figure 7
Porous structure of a solid electrolyte. (a) SEM images of sintered pellet cross-sections with composite nano-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrodes for nonmodified (left) and interface-engineered (right) pellets [84]. (b) Schematic of a hybrid solid-state bilayer Li-S battery. (c) Voltage profile of the hybrid bilayer Li-S cell with a high sulfur mass loading of approximately 7.5 mg cm⁻² at 0.2 mA cm⁻² [85]. (d) Cross-sectional SEM image of the 3D garnet host. (e) Discharge/charge voltage profiles of the Li cycling in the garnet host at 0.5 mA cm⁻² [74] (color online).
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Figure 8
Asymmetric solid electrolyte. Schematic of SEs to overcome the inconsistent (a) mechanical [92] and (b) electrochemical stability issues. (c) Electrochemical window of the SE was expended to 0–5 V. (d) Electrochemical performance of SLMBs with the structured SE and NCM811 cathode [93] (color online).
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Figure 9
SE/Li-metal anode interface. (a) Schematic model of the polymerization mechanism of DOL induced by LiPF₆. (b) Schematic diagram of the in situ polymerization inside the Li-S battery system [100]. (c) Schematic of the in situ preparation of the fluorinated SE interphase between the Li-metal anode and LPS SE. The optimized structures of the three interface structures [53]. (d) Schematic of different interface structures in the Li|i-QSE|LFP battery, including the repellent layer between the Li anode and i-QSE [106]. (e) Schematic illustrating the immobilized anions tethered to ceramic particles and polymer chains for achieving a dendrite-free Li anode [108] (color online).
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Figure 10
⁶Li NMR comparison of pristine and cycled composite electrolytes and a schematic of the possible Li⁺ transport pathways. (a) LLZO-PEO (LiTFSI) with different fractions of LLZO [109], (b) LLZO-PEO (LiClO₄) [110], and (c) LLZO-PAN (LiClO₄) [111]. (d) Possible complex structures of the LLZTO-based PVDF composite electrolyte at the molecular level [112] (color online).